From: Clinical use of coping in affective disorder, a critical review of the literature
Study Controlled = CON | Patients No. | Sex Men % | Mean Age | Measures | Results |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Billings [16] 1984 CON | 424 outpatients | 55 | 41 yr | HDLF RDC | Coping responses directed toward problem solving and affect regulation were associated with less dysfunction. Emotional discharge responses were linked to greater dysfunction. |
Rosenberg [17] 1987 CON | 24 inpatients. 36 controls | 48 | 36 yr | BDI CR | Depressed patients more often reported avoidance strategies to cope and non-depressed utilize active coping techniques |
McNaughton [18] 1992 CON | 27 inpatients | 100 | 42 yr | RDC, HRDS LEDS, WCC | The depressed group used more emotion-focused coping than control persons. |
Turner [19] 1992 | 26 outpatients | 31 | 39 yr | BDI MCI | Significantly positive correlation between high depression scores and emotion oriented coping. Significantly negative correlation between high depression scores and task oriented coping. |
Lam [20] 1997 | 40 bipolar patients | 43 | 44 yr | MRC, IQ MA, BDI CPI | Patients' level of social functioning was related to their level of insight and how well they coped with prodromes of mania and whether they could detect prodromes of depression. |
Dekker [21] 1999 * | 248 outpatients major depression. | 42 | Ca 35 yr | HDRS SCL-90 QLDS UCL | The more depressed patients used passive reaction pattern and avoidance significantly more often than less depressive patients. Passive reaction was the most consistent predictor of high depression score. |
Schouws [22] 2001 | 211 outpatients with major depression. | 42 | 34 yr | DSM-III HDRS, UCL SCL-90, QLDS | Active approach and seeking social support associated with a higher quality of life. No gender differences in coping. Avoidance coping was related to higher severity of depression. |
Vossler [23] 2001 CON | 41 in and out patients, 41 control persons | 53 | 42 yr | SCID F-SOZU FKV-LIS | Depressive patients reported more social stress and used ineffective coping strategies and wishful thinking more often than the control persons. |
Ravindran [24] 2002 CON | 229 dysthymic, major depressive. 44 controls | 39 | 41 yr | HAM-D, BDI MADRS, CGI, CGIS, DHUS | Among depressive patients the severity of illness was associated with emotion focused coping, whereas control-persons favoured the use of cognitive strategies. |
Lam [25] 2003 | 109 outpatients unipolar | 45 | 44 yr | SCID, HRSD, RSQ IIP, SPC | Rumination was associated with higher levels of depression. Distraction was associated with lower level of depression. |
McWilliams [26] 2003 | 298 outpatients major depression. | 48 | 43 yr | CISS NEO-FFI BDI, STAI-S | Task-oriented and social coping were associated negatively and emotion-oriented coping was associated positively with high scores on depression and anxiety. |