Clinical use of coping in affective disorder, a critical review of the literature

Christensen, Maj Vinberg; Kessing, Lars Vedel

doi:10.1186/1745-0179-1-20

Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health

Table 1 Cross-Sectional studies of the relationship between mood disorder and coping style.

From: Clinical use of coping in affective disorder, a critical review of the literature

Study Controlled = CON	Patients No.	Sex Men %	Mean Age	Measures	Results
Billings [16] 1984 CON	424 outpatients	55	41 yr	HDLF RDC	Coping responses directed toward problem solving and affect regulation were associated with less dysfunction. Emotional discharge responses were linked to greater dysfunction.
Rosenberg [17] 1987 CON	24 inpatients. 36 controls	48	36 yr	BDI CR	Depressed patients more often reported avoidance strategies to cope and non-depressed utilize active coping techniques
McNaughton [18] 1992 CON	27 inpatients	100	42 yr	RDC, HRDS LEDS, WCC	The depressed group used more emotion-focused coping than control persons.
Turner [19] 1992	26 outpatients	31	39 yr	BDI MCI	Significantly positive correlation between high depression scores and emotion oriented coping. Significantly negative correlation between high depression scores and task oriented coping.
Lam [20] 1997	40 bipolar patients	43	44 yr	MRC, IQ MA, BDI CPI	Patients' level of social functioning was related to their level of insight and how well they coped with prodromes of mania and whether they could detect prodromes of depression.
Dekker [21] 1999 *	248 outpatients major depression.	42	Ca 35 yr	HDRS SCL-90 QLDS UCL	The more depressed patients used passive reaction pattern and avoidance significantly more often than less depressive patients. Passive reaction was the most consistent predictor of high depression score.
Schouws [22] 2001	211 outpatients with major depression.	42	34 yr	DSM-III HDRS, UCL SCL-90, QLDS	Active approach and seeking social support associated with a higher quality of life. No gender differences in coping. Avoidance coping was related to higher severity of depression.
Vossler [23] 2001 CON	41 in and out patients, 41 control persons	53	42 yr	SCID F-SOZU FKV-LIS	Depressive patients reported more social stress and used ineffective coping strategies and wishful thinking more often than the control persons.
Ravindran [24] 2002 CON	229 dysthymic, major depressive. 44 controls	39	41 yr	HAM-D, BDI MADRS, CGI, CGIS, DHUS	Among depressive patients the severity of illness was associated with emotion focused coping, whereas control-persons favoured the use of cognitive strategies.
Lam [25] 2003	109 outpatients unipolar	45	44 yr	SCID, HRSD, RSQ IIP, SPC	Rumination was associated with higher levels of depression. Distraction was associated with lower level of depression.
McWilliams [26] 2003	298 outpatients major depression.	48	43 yr	CISS NEO-FFI BDI, STAI-S	Task-oriented and social coping were associated negatively and emotion-oriented coping was associated positively with high scores on depression and anxiety.

* Used a comparison group from another study.
BDI Beck Depression Inventory. Depression Scale. CGIS Clinical Global Impressions Scale. CIDI Composite International Diagnostic Interview-Short Form.
CISS Coping Inventory of Stressful Situations. CPI Coping with Prodromes Interview. CR Coping Response. CSS Coping Strategies Scale.
DSM-IIII Diagnostic and Statistical Questionnaire Manual of Mental Disorders fourth edition. DCS 8 8 Different Coping Strategies. DHUS Daily Hassles and Uplifts Scales.
HPS Hypomanic Personality Scale. HAM-A Hamilton Anxiety Scale. HDLF The Health and Daily Living Form. HRSD Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression.
IIP Inventory of Interpersonal Problems. IQ The Insight Questionnaire. LE Life Events over the past year. LEDS Life Events and Difficulties Schedule.
MADRS Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale. MAS The Mania Scale. MCI The Multidimensional Coping Inventory. MRC Social Performance Schedule.
NEO-FFI NEO Five Factor Inventory. QLDS Quality of Life Depression Scale. RCD Research Diagnostic Criteria. RL Recent Life events and Chronic Stress.
RSQ Nolen-Hoeksema Response Styles Questionnaire. SCID Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV SCL-90 Symptom Check List of 90 items.
SPS Social Performance Scale. STAI-S. The State Anxiety Subscale of the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. UCL Utrecht Coping List. UCLA Loneliness Scale. WCC The Ways of Coping Checklist.

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