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Table 3 Long-term (over 6 months] studies of the relation between coping and mood disorder.

From: Clinical use of coping in affective disorder, a critical review of the literature

Study Controlled = CON

Follow up year

Patients No.

Sex Men %

Mean age

Measures

Results

Coyne [34] 1981, CON

1

15 depressed and 72 controls

52

55 yr

HSCL, WCL 4 weeks intervals

The coping of depressed persons was characterized by seeking emotional support and by wishful thinking.

Billings [35, 36] 1985, CON

1

380 unipolar

57

40 yr

HDL

FES

RDC

Patients at follow-up used significantly more affect regulation and less reliance on information seeking and emotional discharge, latter coping styles were associated with poorer outcome

Swindle [37] 1989, CON

4

352 unipolar

44

44 yr

HDL, FES

RDC

Problem solving related to less depression and greater self-esteem. Emotional discharge associated with depression.

Hoffart [38] 1993

1

21 depressed 17 depr/phobia, 23 agoraphobia.

34

41 yr

SCID, WICCA

BDI, ACS

CPRS

Seeking social support may be a trait dependent coping style. Problem focused coping and wishful thinking appeared as a state phenomena.

Sherbourne [39] 1995

2

604 depressed

26

46 yr

DSM-III

SF-36, COD

Better clinical course of depression was associated with more active and less avoidant coping styles

Moos [40] 1999, CON

10

313 unipolar

40

48 yr

DSSI, HDL

RDC

Patients were at risk for a chronic course if they coped with stressors by avoiding being with people.

Oldehinkel [41] 2000

3 1/2

86 from primary care

31

37 yr

PSE, DSM, UCL

LEDS, SRS, ABV

Predictors that expedited remission were high self-esteem and a tension reducing coping style.

Lam [42] 2001

1 1/2

40 bipolar

43

44 yr

MAS, SCID

CPSI

More who used stimulating coping strategies had a manic relapse. More who used passive coping strategies had a depressive relapse.

Holahan [43] 2003, CON

10

313 unipolar

40

48 yr

HDL, RDC, DTC

DSSI, DP

Patient who more often drank to cope at baseline had a stronger association to depressive symptoms and drinking problems.

Szadoczky [44] 2004

2

117 unipolar

25

44 yr

HRSD, MMPI, WCC, SAS, LEQ

No significant difference between the group of remitters and the group of non-remitters in problem-solving coping and emotion-focused coping.

  1. ABV Amsterdams Biografische Vragenlijst. ACS Agoraphobic Cognition scale. BAI Beck Anxiety Inventory. BDI Beck Depression Inventory. COD Course of Depression.
  2. CPRS Comprehensive Psychopathology Rating Scale. CPSI Coping with Prodomal Symptoms Interview. DIS Diagnostic Interview Schedule.
  3. DSM-III & IV Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders [third and fourth edition]. DP Drinking Problems. DTC Drinking to Cope. DSSI Depressive Symptoms Severity Index.
  4. FES Family Environment Scale. GAS Global Assessment Scale. GDS Geriatric Depression Scale. HSCL Hopkins symptom Checklist. HDL Health and Daily Living Form.
  5. HRSD Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression. MAS Mania Scale. LEQ Life Event Quistionnaire. PB Passive Behaviours. MMPI Minnesota Mulriphasic Inventory. PSE Present State Examination.
  6. RDC Research Diagnostic Criteria. SADS-L Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Lifetime. SAS Social Adjustment Scale. SCI Stress Coping Inventory.
  7. SCID Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III. SF-36 a 36-item Self-report health-related quality of life measure. Social Support and Rejection Scale. UCL Utrecht Coping List.
  8. WCC The Ways of Coping Checklist. WWC L The revised Ways of Coping Checklist.