Variable | Postnatal depression (time 1)a | Postnatal depression (time 2)b | Postnatal depression (time 3)c | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ALSPAC % | Pelotas % | ALSPAC % | Pelotas % | ALSPAC % | Pelotas % | |
Ethnic origin | ||||||
White | 9.6 | 10.8 | 8.4 | 14.3 | 9.5 | 14.9 |
Black/mixed | 18.4 | 13.0 | 13.7 | 17.2 | 18.4 | 19.1 |
P value* | <0.001 | 0.362 | 0.005 | 0.025 | <0.001 | 0.002 |
Family income (quintiles) | ||||||
1st | 15.2 | 15.5 | 12.0 | 22.1 | 15.6 | 22.7 |
2nd | 9.9 | 17.2 | 8.2 | 20.0 | 11.1 | 19.7 |
3rd | 7.0 | 8.2 | 8.3 | 14.5 | 8.8 | 16.1 |
4th | 7.0 | 10.2 | 6.4 | 11.0 | 5.9 | 12.7 |
5th | 6.1 | 6.3 | 6.0 | 8.1 | 6.7 | 8.9 |
P value* | <0.001 | 0.003 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Maternal age (y) | ||||||
<20 | 18.6 | 15.1 | 13.9 | 18.4 | 14.7 | 17.0 |
20–34 | 9.6 | 11.3 | 8.3 | 14.3 | 9.6 | 15.8 |
≥ 35 | 11.4 | 6.5 | 10.7 | 14.7 | 10.7 | 15.6 |
P value* | <0.001 | 0.092 | <0.001 | 0.024 | 0.008 | 0.733 |
Marital status | ||||||
With partner | 9.5 | 10.0 | 8.3 | 14.6 | 9.3 | 15.6 |
Single mother | 17.2 | 19.4 | 13.6 | 17.9 | 19.5 | 18.4 |
P value* | <0.001 | 0.002 | 0.004 | 0.033 | <0.001 | 0.079 |
Parity | ||||||
0 | 8.6 | 8.3 | 6.7 | 11.9 | 8.3 | 12.7 |
1 | 10.2 | 10.6 | 9.8 | 12.9 | 9.9 | 12.4 |
≥ 2 | 12.4 | 16.9 | 10.1 | 20.5 | 12.5 | 22.6 |
P value* | <0.001 | 0.003 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Pre-pregnancy body mass index (kg/m 2 ) | ||||||
<18.5 | 14.4 | 20.0 | 12.1 | 19.8 | 15.3 | 14.7 |
18.5 – 24.9 | 9.4 | 10.3 | 8.2 | 14.9 | 9.0 | 15.7 |
25.0 – 29.9 | 9.6 | 7.7 | 8.2 | 13.4 | 10.3 | 14.6 |
≥ 30 | 12.1 | 15.1 | 10.4 | 14.5 | 10.2 | 16.6 |
P value* | 0.001 | 0.050 | 0.011 | 0.186 | <0.001 | 0.798 |
Antenatal risk | ||||||
Low | 8.0 | 6.8 | 7.7 | 10.0 | 8.7 | 10.8 |
Medium | 12.2 | 10.7 | 10.4 | 14.4 | 11.9 | 15.0 |
High | 16.1 | 21.8 | 11.7 | 23.7 | 15.5 | 25.6 |
P value* | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Smoking during pregnancy | ||||||
No | 8.0 | 7.6 | 7.1 | 12.8 | 8.4 | 13.5 |
Yes | 15.4 | 22.6 | 12.2 | 22.3 | 13.4 | 23.7 |
P value* | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Multiple birth | ||||||
No | 10.1 | 11.6 | 8.7 | 15.0 | 9.8 | 16.0 |
Yes | 11.6 | 0 | 13.3 | 20.5 | 11.8 | 18.0 |
P value* | 0.565 | 0.279 | 0.058 | 0.341 | 0.481 | 0.738 |
Neonatal problems | ||||||
No | 9.7 | 11.2 | 8.6 | 14.7 | 9.7 | 15.7 |
Yes | 13.4 | 14.5 | 9.2 | 17.9 | 11.0 | 19.6 |
P value* | 0.002 | 0.406 | 0.557 | 0.126 | 0.307 | 0.072 |