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Table 3 Prevalence of maternal depression by time and association with potential determinants among ALSPAC (1991) and Pelotas (2004) birth cohort studies.

From: Differentials and income-related inequalities in maternal depression during the first two years after childbirth: birth cohort studies from Brazil and the UK

Variable

Postnatal depression

(time 1)a

Postnatal depression

(time 2)b

Postnatal depression

(time 3)c

 

ALSPAC

%

Pelotas

%

ALSPAC

%

Pelotas

%

ALSPAC

%

Pelotas

%

Ethnic origin

      

White

9.6

10.8

8.4

14.3

9.5

14.9

Black/mixed

18.4

13.0

13.7

17.2

18.4

19.1

P value*

<0.001

0.362

0.005

0.025

<0.001

0.002

Family income (quintiles)

      

1st

15.2

15.5

12.0

22.1

15.6

22.7

2nd

9.9

17.2

8.2

20.0

11.1

19.7

3rd

7.0

8.2

8.3

14.5

8.8

16.1

4th

7.0

10.2

6.4

11.0

5.9

12.7

5th

6.1

6.3

6.0

8.1

6.7

8.9

P value*

<0.001

0.003

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

Maternal age (y)

      

<20

18.6

15.1

13.9

18.4

14.7

17.0

20–34

9.6

11.3

8.3

14.3

9.6

15.8

≥ 35

11.4

6.5

10.7

14.7

10.7

15.6

P value*

<0.001

0.092

<0.001

0.024

0.008

0.733

Marital status

      

With partner

9.5

10.0

8.3

14.6

9.3

15.6

Single mother

17.2

19.4

13.6

17.9

19.5

18.4

P value*

<0.001

0.002

0.004

0.033

<0.001

0.079

Parity

      

0

8.6

8.3

6.7

11.9

8.3

12.7

1

10.2

10.6

9.8

12.9

9.9

12.4

≥ 2

12.4

16.9

10.1

20.5

12.5

22.6

P value*

<0.001

0.003

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

Pre-pregnancy body mass index (kg/m 2 )

      

<18.5

14.4

20.0

12.1

19.8

15.3

14.7

18.5 – 24.9

9.4

10.3

8.2

14.9

9.0

15.7

25.0 – 29.9

9.6

7.7

8.2

13.4

10.3

14.6

≥ 30

12.1

15.1

10.4

14.5

10.2

16.6

P value*

0.001

0.050

0.011

0.186

<0.001

0.798

Antenatal risk

      

Low

8.0

6.8

7.7

10.0

8.7

10.8

Medium

12.2

10.7

10.4

14.4

11.9

15.0

High

16.1

21.8

11.7

23.7

15.5

25.6

P value*

<0.001

<0.001

0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

Smoking during pregnancy

      

No

8.0

7.6

7.1

12.8

8.4

13.5

Yes

15.4

22.6

12.2

22.3

13.4

23.7

P value*

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

Multiple birth

      

No

10.1

11.6

8.7

15.0

9.8

16.0

Yes

11.6

0

13.3

20.5

11.8

18.0

P value*

0.565

0.279

0.058

0.341

0.481

0.738

Neonatal problems

      

No

9.7

11.2

8.6

14.7

9.7

15.7

Yes

13.4

14.5

9.2

17.9

11.0

19.6

P value*

0.002

0.406

0.557

0.126

0.307

0.072

  1. a at 8 weeks and 3 months after delivery for ALSPAC and Pelotas birth cohort, respectively
  2. b at 8 and 12 months after delivery for ALSPAC and Pelotas birth cohort, respectively
  3. c at 21 and 24 months after delivery for ALSPAC and Pelotas birth cohort, respectively
  4. * chi-square